We talk about hyphens in several different articles on this site. Nov 12, 20 ap stylebook november 12, 20 ap style tip. However, use a numeral for fractions larger than one, and leave a space between the whole number and the fraction. The associated press stylebook provides a uniform presentation of the printed. Use the following guidelines to produce clean copy, styleerrorfree writing with unnecessary mistakes. The ap style puts a space before and after the dash. Rules by ap stylebook, bad grammargood punctuation. In chicago style, as opposed to ap style, we would write four hundred, eight thousand, and twenty million with no numeralsbut like ap, chicago style would require numerals for 401. Dates when months are used with specific dates, abbreviate the month. The associated press style guide says to use this method if precision is not intended.
Use a hyphen to separate figures in odds, ratios, scores some fractions and some vote tabulations. Global marketing and communications publications editors created this guide about northwesternrelated style questions to supplement our two primary reference books. Note that the following rules apply to text only and are not necessarily correct bibliographic form. Another modern dictionary, however, lists hairstylist, not hair stylist. Most examples here are taken and condensed from these style books. Except for cooperate and coordinate, use a hyphen if the prefix ends in a vowel.
Ap style does not call for a comma before a conjunction in a simple series, but does allow it for complex series or where an integral element of the series requires a conjunction. Home ap style ap style composition titles the following guidelines are rules set out in the ap stylebook for ap style book titles, computer game titles, ap style movie titles, opera titles, play titles, poem titles, album titles, ap style song titles, radio and television titles, and the titles of lectures, speeches, and work of art. Ap style cheat sheet for content marketers usgbc studio. Hyphenate doubledigit numbers by themselves and within larger numbers. The ap stylebook includes an extensive section dedicated to the proper use of various elements of punctuation. Deciding that the guide would be of service to the whole university, we added some general style and usage advice on questions that. Jul, 2019 one of the first things a student in a beginning journalism course learns about is associated press style or ap style for short. It is the indispensable reference for writers, editors, proofreaders, indexers, copywriters, designers, and publishers, informing the editorial canon with sound, definitive advice. Ap style is designed to address the challenges of the organizations large size and readership.
Spell out amounts less than 1 in stories, using hyphens between the words. When fractions are spelled out, they should be hyphenated, unless they follow a or an. While the ap stylebook admits that there is not necessarily a standard way to use them, and that most instances come own to personal style or taste, it does say the fewer hyphens the better. Thats tough to decipher because, as youve surely observed online, most of us take a lot of liberties with the. When numbers are spelled out, hyphenate the nonten numbers between 21 and 99. One article distinguishes hyphens from en and em dashes another talks about open, closed, and hyphenated compound words this article further clarifies the use of hyphens using examples sent to us by you, our subscribers. Compounding is obviously in a state of flux, and authorities do not always agree in all cases, but the uses of the hyphen offered here are generally agreed upon. Hyphenation with numbers and units of measure grammar. However, we are unable to find this sort of usage in any of our usual reference books such as the chicago manual of style or the associated press style book.
Fractions, decimals, and money grammar and punctuation. The library in johnson city received 124 loan requests during a 1year period. Apa style on the seventh edition of the publication manual is available for preorder. Learn when to use numerals and when to write out numbers. Using hyphens with compounds and fractions your turn read the hyphen rules about compounds and fractions. Both the ap stylebook and the buzzfeed style guide already recommend spelling email without the hyphen.
Ap style is simply a standardized way of writing everything from dates to street addresses to job titles. Except for cooperate and coordinate, use a hyphen if the prefix ends in a vowel and the word that follows begins with the same vowel. The sba is committed to simplifying our message by using a standard style without jargon and unidentifiable acronyms. When multiple modifiers have a common base, the base can be omitted in all except the last modifier. Aug 24, 2008 the style manuals that we consulted do not agree with you. Ap style composition titles the following guidelines are rules set out in the ap stylebook for ap style book titles, computer game titles, ap style movie titles, opera titles, play titles, poem titles, album titles, ap style song titles, radio and television titles, and the titles of lectures, speeches, and work of art. Use a hyphen to separate figures in odds, ratios, scores, some fractions and. Other style guides may follow a different dictionary.
Chicago manual of style 16 books and ap stylebook 2017 media agree unless noted. Different strokes for different style manuals, but routinely hyphenating the fractions not the noun following. Knowing when to hyphenate numbers is important because the correct use of the hyphen helps your reader to understand which numbers are part of a given adjective and avoids any ambiguity. Decimals, percentages and fractions with numbers larger than 1. Hyphenate doubledigit numbers by themselves and within larger numbers if. May 31, 2012 the associated press says if youre writing the numerals for a whole number with a fractionlike 2. I find myself grappling with that question from time to time as im writing. Titles of books, plays, poems, songs, lectures or speech titles, movies and tv.
How to format numbers in associated press style pen and. The style guide is designed to provide guidance for writers and editors, including member station journalists who contribute to and nprs branded social channels. The associated press was founded more than 150 years ago and now has thousands of employees working in more than a hundred countries for a readership that numbers in the millions. Hyphens join words together and should be used to help form a single idea from two words or avoid ambiguity in your writing. In preparing the 11th edition of the blue book of grammar and punctuation, we thought long and hard about hyphens vs. Use a hyphen to separate a whole number from a fraction e. Do not hyphenate a fraction after a or an incorrect. Spell out numbers only to ten, use numbers for 11 and up, and dont be concerned about matching style when you refer to quantities on both sides of the tipping point. May 14, 2010 copyeditor here, basically agreeing with eleanna. My favorite thing about associated press style is that the rules help you. While the ap stylebook admits that there is not necessarily a. One of the first things a student in a beginning journalism course learns about is associated press style or ap style for short. He needed a twothirds majority to win the election.
Ap style was developed and is maintained by the associated press, the worlds oldest news service. This applies to any number between twentyone 21 and ninetynine 99. Blood alcohol content, expressed in three decimals, as in. If any number in a paragraph requires numerals rather than spelled out numbers, higher than one hundred, decimal, percentage, money, etc. Spell out amounts less than one in stories by using hyphens between words. The economy of space and ease of reading make ap style ideal for university publications. See also ap style congressional districts and ap style political divisions. Examples include the ap stylebook aka ap style, the chicago manual of. You could argue for zero through nine, as is recommended for ap style. Hold to these rules when using ap style fractions in your writing. Is the guy working twenty shifts that are each four hours long, twentyfour shifts that are. College, college capitalize college when referring specifically to kenyon.
Numbers should be spelled out when they begin a sentence. The ap stylebook traces its roots to 1953, when we published what we. Use the following guidelines to produce clean copy, style errorfree writing with unnecessary mistakes. The giants defeated the lions 147 no comma between the team and the score. The chicago manual of style online is the venerable, timetested guide to style, usage, and grammar in an accessible online format. Put commas after the day of the week, the month and the year. The full or abridged titles of published books, pamphlets, and periodicals should be capitalized and italicized. It focuses on clear and concise writing, with each paragraph only being about two or three sentences long. You generally dont hyphenate when using a prefix with a word that starts with a consonant. The associated press stylebook is the basis for many of the guidelines that. Put quotation marks around all such titles except the bible and books that are catalogues of reference material. But ap produced guides for its journalists well before that, including rules, regulations and general orders in 1909. Abbreviations abbreviate junior or senior after a name. Writing style guide communications and marketing suny.
Spell out fractions less than one, using hyphens between the words. Newspaper style and less formal writing and much of online content hews closer to ap style, which derived from the rules for associated press newspaper articles. Unlike academic writing, ap style does not require a reference list or in text citations. Round numbers higher than ninetynine dont require a hyphen. In certain instances, however, the journalistic qualities of ap style may not be appropriate. Ap style guidelines for hyphen usage gatehouse newsroom. May 07, 2009 the associated press was founded more than 150 years ago and now has thousands of employees working in more than a hundred countries for a readership that numbers in the millions. Retain the hyphen in uses of co when forming nouns, adjectives and verbs that indicate occupation or status. When writing a compound numberany number made up of two wordswe use a hyphen between each word. Ap style quick reference guide basic knowledge 101. Use a hyphen in nonround numbers between 21 and 99. Hyphens are often used to tell the ages of people and things. The associated press has a helpful rule about writing numbers. The ap stylebook, the buzzfeed style guide, the economist style guide, and the chicago manual of style all recommend hyphenating e book, as well as most other e words such as ereader and ecommerce its conceivable that over time, e book may lose its hyphen.
In tabular material, use figures exclusively, converting to decimals if the amounts involve extensive use of fractions that cannot be expressed as a single character. Margie wakeman wells september 26, 2012 the hyphen 6 comments. How to write numbers grammar girl quick and dirty tips. Jack gillespie, rowan university, purdue university writing lab and ap stylebook page 1 ap stylebook guidelines the ap style items below represent the journalistic style errors most often found in news stories. According to ap, we must hyphenate well when it is part of a compound modifier. Abbreviations abbreviate junior or senior after a name, but dont use a comma. Associated press style basics journalists resource. Different types of content writers use the ap stylebook in somewhat different ways. Using hyphens with compounds and fractions thoughtful. Write each compound or fraction and show where the hyphen goes, or print the lesson to mark your corrections. Top 10 ap style guide 2016edits university of texas at. Do not capitalize the titles of forms or informal documents such as an exemption request form, a learning contract or a leave request.
Associated press ap style checklist associated press style is a form of writing used primarily by journalists and public relations professionals. They are hyphenated only when they come right in front of a noun, called a direct adjective. Where precision is intended, spell out fractions less than one. Hyphenate when used as an adjective modifying a noun. When talking about book chapters, capitalize the word chapter and the numeral. Nov 30, 2012 the associated press style guide says to use this method if precision is not intended. Book design basics use hyphens for justified type the worlds greatest book posted on august 2, 2014 by dave bricker august 3, 2014 h yphens are an important contributor to elegant, easytoread typography, especially when text is fully justified as is the convention in book typography.
Ap style doesnt suggest hyphenating percentages and, in fact, suggests keeping hyphenation to a minimum. A hyphen is usually used in apa style when two or more words modify a common noun and that noun comes after the modifiers, for example, 7point scale or clientcentered counseling. For the sake of readability and to lend an appearance of consistency, they are hyphenated in noun, adjective, and adverb forms. Here are four examples of how to write numbers above 999,999 in ap style. These questions are designed to test knowledge of the chicago manual of style, which prefers merriamwebsters collegiate dictionary, 11th edition. Heres a roundup of common ap style guidelines and a few additional. Aug 02, 2014 book design basics use hyphens for justified type the worlds greatest book posted on august 2, 2014 by dave bricker august 3, 2014 h yphens are an important contributor to elegant, easytoread typography, especially when text is fully justified as is the convention in book typography. The style manuals that we consulted do not agree with you.
Spell out fractions less than 1, using hyphens between the words. Sep 28, 2016 knowing when to hyphenate numbers is important because the correct use of the hyphen helps your reader to understand which numbers are part of a given adjective and avoids any ambiguity. When writing out numbers with fractions, hyphenate only the fractions unless the construction is a compound adjective. Fractions, odds, percentages, ratios, scores learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Jan, 20 there are rules for writing numbers in fiction. When following ap style, numbers zero through nine are typically written in word form, while numbers 10 and above are written as cardinal numbers.
I combed the ap stylebook for exceptions to the number rule. Other fractions require a hyphen and individual figures, with a space between the whole number and the fraction. Dont bother setting case fractions in which the numbers are reduced in size. This section can be used as a primer and a quick reference, not a replacement to the gpo or ap style books. The adverb very has already received special mention in the rule from the ap stylebook. Associated press ap style is most often used by news and journalism writers to present consistent and clear writing to the consumer. The first, entitled kitab albayan wa ttadhkar book of proof and recall is a handbook of calculation treating numeration, arithmetical operations on whole numbers and on fractions, extraction of the exact or approximate square root of a whole of fractionary number and summation of progressions of whole numbers natural, even or odd, and of. This guide will include the spelling and capitalizationhyphenation you must use for certain terms. David becker on how to cite edition, volume, and page numbers for books.
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